1
2
  -2022
  

[ (ii):     ]
(     )
 :    : 100
:    ,             
           
-
1.                
    
2.       ?   
-
3. '    '     
4.             
-
5.         
2
2
6.       ?  
-
7.             
8.           ?
3
2
  -2022
  

[ (ii):     ]
(     )
 :    : 100
:    ,             
           
-
1.                
    
:          
 ,      ,     -    
              ,  
  ,              
 ,             ,     
               ,    
          ,       ,     
          
  ?
 ,     ,              
              ,
  ,           ,
     (),      (),     
()
4
2
          :
1.   :           
               ,
 ,    
2.   :   ,     
          ,  
      ,          
,       
         (  )     
       
,     , ,           
                
   ,       
          ,        
           ,        
            
 ,       ,      
                   
             
  
                
           ,       
 ,        ,       
         ,     
 
  ,            
             , ,
            
          ,    
    
      
                ,    
                 -  
                
     -    :
5
2
1.  
 ,     ,       ,  
            ,   ,      
       ,          
        ,     ,  
  ,          
  ,            ,    
          ,      
                
      
2.  
       ,         
         ,       
        ,        , 
    -           
  
  , -           ,
         ,       
  
3.     
,                
,                
             (    
 )      (        
     ) 
               
      ,   ,     
              ,  
           
4.  
                  
      ,           
                
     ,       
6
2
        ,       
        
5.   
              , 
 ,                
               
  ,            ,  
                  

          ,      , 
     
    
       , ,     
            -  
         ,     
        ,       
      
 ,          
             ,  
                 
   
  
              ,    
              
, ,           ,   
                  
                  
 
  ,        ,         
                   
               ,     
               ,    

7
2
  
      ,         
,           ,    
           ,    
   
 ,               
        ,         
 ,            
:   
         , -     
        ,      
            ,  -   
               
        ,   ,     
             ,  
                
      ,        
            ,  
             
2.       ?   
:  ?
            ,      
 ,             ,  
                
,         
  , ""      ""  ,       
    , ""       , ,    
             ,   
   
8
2
     
:
 ,      
            
          
  :
: 
o :    ,         
o :   , " "      ,   
,     ,    
: 
o    
o   ,        ,  
    
: 
o :     
o :     ,       
 (Denotation)  ?
 , -            
     ,       -    
 ,           
      ,           
        ,  ,  
      :
-    ,       
  
      
             
9
2
  :
: 
o        
o :    ""        ,   
        
: 
o :    
o  ,        
     
             ,   
  ,        ,     
 ,        
                  
,   ""  
 ,         -   
      ,    ""   ,   
    
     
1. : “
o :  .
o :  , ,   -   
   ,   ""    
   
2. : “
o :      .
o :""     ,       
,       ,       
3. : “
o    
o :""         ,   
    ,           
10
2
4. : “
o :       
o :             , 
        
   
  ,   ,         
    
 :                
              , 
             
 ,    ""          
     
   :          
            "" (
 "" )  "" (  "" )    
                   
    
o  ( ""     )        
       ,   ""   ,
   
o  ( ""       )       
      , ""       
 ,    ,    , 
                       
           ,    
,            
   
              
            ,      
 ,          
1. :         ,  
 (,      )         
             ,  
      , ""      (  
11
2
    ),   ,      ,
     
2.   :             
             
    ,        
      ,     ""
    ,   ""     
,          
3.     ,         
,           , ""   
                ,
               
,         

 ,     ,   ,       
 ,            , 
         ,         
                ,   
                
  ,           ,  
            
  ,        ,       ( )
    ,     ()        
      ,   ,     ,
        ,         
      
-
3. '    '     
:: "  "             
                   
                : A,
12
2
E, I,  O      (  )   ( 
)      
 :   
     ,            
          
1. ( )
o :" S, P "
o :"   "
o         (S)      (P) 

2. ( )
o : " S, P  "
o : "     "
o            (S)     
 (P)  
3. I ( )
o : " S, P "
o "   "
o         (S)         (P)
  
4. ( )
o :" S, P  "
o "    "
o            (S)      
  (P)  
    
                  
        ,           
     
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2
      :
( ) -----  ----- ( )
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
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I ( ) -----  ----- O ( )
    
               :
1.  (A O, E I)
o  : " S, P "  " S, P  "     , 
   
o  :" S, P  "  " S, P "     
 ,     
:
o  "   " (A)  ,  "    " (O)
 
o  "    " (I)  ,  "     
" (E)  
2.  (A E)
o  :" S, P "  "  S, P  "     
    ,      
:
o  "   " (A)    "     " (E) 
 ,          
3.  (I O)
o   :" S, P "  " S, P  "      
   ,     
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2
:
o  "    " (I)    "     "
(O)   ,    
4.  (A → I, E → O)
o A   I :  " S, P " (A)  ,  " S, P " (I)   
 ,  " S, P " (I)  ,        " S,
P " (A)   
o E   O :  " S, P  " (E)  ,  " S, P  " (O) 
     " S, P  " (O)  ,     
  " S, P  " (E) 
:
o  "   " (A)  ,  "   " (I)  
 
o  "    " (E)  ,  "    " (O)  
 
    
 (A O, E I)
           ,   
              -   
       ()    ()  -
  ()    ()   
  ,     :
:"   "
:"    "
     "   " (A),         " 
  " (O)        -    ,     
 (A E)
      ,         
 (A)    (E)    
  :
:"   "
15
2
:"     "
           ,      
     ,   "   "   "  
  "  
 (I O)
     ,          
 (I)    (O)    
  :
:"    "
:"    "
        ,          
 "    " (I)  ,       "    
 ",     (E)         
 
 (A → I, E → O)
-    (  )     (  )  
          ,       
 ,     :           
   
  :
 "   " (A)  ,  "   " (I)  
 
 "    " (E)  ,  "    " (O)  
 
,     ,           
 "   " (I)  ,        "   "
(A)   ,  "   " (O)  ,      
  "    " (E) 
   
               
   ,     -    
  ,             
16
2
 ,    -  (   )     , 
-           
   ,            
 ,         (A → I, E → O)    ,
       (      )   
     
   ,         
             
           

                
    :   (),   (), 
 (),    ()       ,  
     , ,        
           ,     
          
4.             
:  ,              
             ,  
(  )             
    :           
          
1.   ?
       ,         
                  
  ,               
                  

:
  
17
2
:   .
:   .
,  "  "          "   "
 "   "            
()       
2.  
                 
            ,     
 
   :
               
,         
 :
     
          
       
   :
 1:
o :  
o    
o   ,             
 ,        
 2:
o    
o :   
o ,       ,      
   :
     ,  ,     
    :
1.          
18
2
o : ""   "  "   "    

2. : ,        (  
   )        
o :"   "  "   -  "
3.             
 
o :"    ,   - - "
3.  
                
 ,                  
   :
                , 
          
 :
     
                
 
             

   :
 1:
o  1  
o  2:   .
o :  .
o   ,  "  "       ,
              
 2:
o  1  
19
2
o  2  
o :  .
o  ,              
  
   :
                
              
 
1.           
o "        ,   
 "
2.  :  (-)   
o "            
 "
3.  : " -"  
o :"              
,    "
4.      
            ,   
:

 
 
 

    
      


    
 
      , 
      


   
  
       


"   ,
  "
"       ,
  "
20
2

 
 
 
  
 ,     
  
 
, , 
 (, , )
5.     
               
                :
                 
   ,        
           , 
  -,     ,        
     
           ,     
 ,     
6.       
               
           :
    :
o : "     ,      "  
     ,   
    :
o : "   ,         
 ,       "     
              

 ,           ,    
                
    ,             
         ,      
        ,  ,       

21
2
        ,     ,    
                 
   
-
5.         
:       
              , 
               
            ,  ,  
               
 ,        ,  ,    
      ,    
1.    
        ,       
        ,     ,  
         ,      
        
    :
:            
,     ,          

:          ,   -
           
  :       
         
             
 ,     ,          
 
 ,              ,  
    ,          
22
2
2.   
,          , ,     
                  
 ,     ,         
   :
 :    -       
             ,
,        
  :         , 
         
             
                 
       

             
    ,         
 ,                 
            
3.      
     -  ,        
                
              
  ,             
       
         
       
:
.        
              :
  :        
                
       ,         

23
2
 :          
              
     
   :         
                
  ,           
            
.          
                
      ,         
        ,         
  :
   :          
           
               
    
   :       
               
     ,       
               
 :            
     ,        
  ,           
    
C.      
              
        ,        
    
     -      , 
  ,         
            
:         ,
                
             
 
24
2
4.       
         ,        
  :
:             
      ,       
                 
   
            
    ,           
          ,     
                
         ,  
,  ,           
   ,          
     
5.          ,  
                
  :
            
               
    ,          
              
       
 :            
             
              
             
          
                 
       ,        
         
6.       
           :
25
2
: ,           
     ,         
                
           
 ,       ,   
     ,           
   ,           
 
 : ,  ,      
         ,         
                
  
7. 
                
          ,    
          ,       
  ,               
                  
    ,            
              
 - 
6.       ?  
:                  
    ,           ,  
         ,      
             
  , , ,          
   
       ,          

26
2
1.   
             ,  
               ,  
-  :
   ,       ?  
   ,     ,     
     ?
 :              
      ?          
      ?
:
          ,       
        ?
            ?  
    ,           ?
2.   
                 
          ,     
          
 :      ,   ,
      
 :       ,   
       
:
      ,     ,     
   ?
            ,  
        ?
3. 
          ,      
       ,       , 
                
27
2
 :         ,   
,     
         ,    
    
:
               
?
                 
  ?
4. 
               
      ,         
    ;              
     
 :        ,  
  
            
       
:
              
  ?
              
 ?
5.    -
         -        
     ,              
 ,     ,       
  :         ,  ,
-  
                
  
28
2
:
       
       ?
    ,          
      ?
6.   
                
   ,            

           ,  
  
:         ,   
        
:
      ?       ,    
     ?
             ?
7.   
         ,      
              
             
          
 ,         
   
          
:
              
  ?
              
?
29
2
8.    
                   
                 
  
               
    
    ,         
    
:
           ,     
      ?
            ?
9.  
        ,         
                
  
            
             , 
  -        - 
:
             ,  
       
     ,    ,    
     ?
10.   
             
       
  :-     -   ,  ,
            ,  
             
30
2
  :          , 
              

:
              ,
          ?
            ?

        ,         
-         , , ,    
            ,     
        ,     
     ,           
               
             -   
     
-
7.             
::              
                 
    ,  ,  ,     
 ,                 
   
    
1.  :             
,              
,                
               
,             
31
2
2.           ,     
           ,     
            ,  
     ,       
, 
      
3.   :       
      ,    -   
           ""    
   "   "         ,  
,          ,   ,
         
4.    :     ,   
 -          ,   
 ,        -   
     
,          
             ,  
      
5.            
     ,    -    
 ,           - 
    ,       
       
6.  :         
     -    -   
     ,  ,      
        ,   ,  
    
7.  :       ,  
          ,     
              
            - 
 ,           
      
      
       ,         
           ,    -  
32
2
        ,      
    ,       
1.         
      (1651)     "   " ( 
       ) ,   ", , ,   "
 ,        ,      
    ,         
      ,            
              
 (   )           
  ,              
  ,       ,   (  
)                ,
                  
 
2.       
         (1689)        
         ,        
      -          ,
        ,  ,     

,                ,  
                 ,
                
                 ,
                  
               ,  
      
         ,       
                
  
3. -      
-       (1762)      
     ,            
33
2
,      , -   ,   
 ,       
               
        ,       " "
                
 ,            ,    
     
             
    ,         , 
     ,  ,        
,       
 ,             ,  
        :
             
     ,            
    ,            ,
      
  :        ,   
 ,             
                  
         ,      
  
     ,       
       ,          , 
  ,             
    
            
               
     ,        ,
              
   
    
        ,        
                 
34
2
               
     - 
               
             ,  
       ,     ,   
         
 ,           
                
                 ,
            

               
         ,   ,  
             
   ,            
            (     ), 
            (      ), 
            (      ),
                 
 
8.            ?
:  :   
                
      , , ,       
     ,         
   , ,           
           ,  
                  

   
  ,             
, ,  ,           
35
2
                 
  ,          
                
 ,             
       ,         
    ,        ,    
""    -  
    
             :
1.   :          
        ,      
         -    ,  
        ,        
    
2. :           
            ,    
        ,    
            
3.             
         ,      
 ,        ,      
               
  ,              
  
4.   :         
      ,      
            
             ,    
     
5.              
        ,     
  ,         ,  
        ,      
    
6.  :   ,       
   -    ,        
36
2
               
             
  
7.    :           
        ,        
      ,       
               
  ,     
      ?
                
      ,      :
1.    ():       
           ()
             : 
,          ,    
              
2.    ():   () 
             
 ,           
             
           ,  ,  
         
3.    ():       
       ,          
    ,           
   ,         
               
 ,            
 
4.  :            
    ,          
        ,        
 
5.              
             
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2
,          ,      
    
6.   :  ,           
                 
    ,       
7.         
             
              ,  
              
 
8.   :         
       ,    ,   
                 
                
    
            ,     
    :
:      ""  ,       
   ,        
  ,        
        -  
              
   HDI  SPI          
   :-,      
          ,   
         ,     
           
       
  :            
          ,     
  , -           
  -      
   
            , 
               ,  
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2
          ,     
           ,    
              
 ,                
        ,        ,
                 

       ,        
       ;  , ,    
HDI  SPI         ,     
                
,            ,    
         ,   , 
       
:             ( )      
         ,              